Grade 7 Subjects > Geography Worksheets
Geography PDF Worksheets
Agricultural Patterns and Practices
Understanding the different agricultural patterns and practices across the globe is essential for recognizing how food production impacts the environ...
Agricultural Regions in the United States
The country is divided into several distinct agricultural regions, each known for its unique climate and soil that supports the growth of specific cr...
Biomes and Ecosystems
There are several types of biomes on Earth, each with unique features. Some of the major biomes include the tundra, desert, forest, grassland, and a...
Climate Zones
Climate zones are regions that share similar climatic characteristics, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation. These zones are primarily d...
Climate Zones in North America
These zones are largely determined by the continent's vast size and geographical diversity. Understanding these climate zones helps us comprehend ho...
Continents and Oceans
The land on Earth is divided into seven large areas known as continents. These continents are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North Ame...
Cultural and Natural Landscapes
One important aspect of geography is the study of cultural and natural landscapes. A landscape is a part of the earth's surface that can be viewed a...
Cultural Diversity and Geography
From ancient times, the geographical features of a region have influenced the way people live, their traditions, and their interactions with others. ...
Cultural Diversity and Identity
It refers to the variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. Embracing diversity means acknowledging the differences in languages, religi...
Cultural Exchange and Diffusion
Throughout history, people have migrated, traded, and communicated, leading to the sharing and blending of _cultures_. This process has shaped the w...
Cultural Landscapes
These landscapes showcase the unique relationship between humans and the land, reflecting cultural practices, values, and traditions. When people bu...
Cultural Regions in the United States
Each region has its own unique characteristics that distinguish it from the others. These differences can be seen in language, traditions, cuisine, ...
Earth's Physical Systems
It is composed of several physical systems that interact with one another to shape the world we live in. Understanding these systems is essential fo...
Economic Activities and Regions
These activities are crucial for understanding how societies function and thrive. Economic activities are typically categorized into four main types...
Economic Development and Change
It involves a transition from an economy based predominantly on agriculture to one based on industry and services. This change often leads to an imp...
Economic Development and Geography
This improvement is often marked by an increase in the standard of living and the availability of amenities such as education and healthcare. Geogra...
Economic Regions of the United States
These regions help understand how the country functions economically and how resources are distributed. The major economic regions include the North...
Energy Resources in North America
These resources are classified into two main types: renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Each type plays a significant role in the everyday l...
Environmental Change and Sustainability
One significant aspect of environmental change is the increase in global temperatures, commonly known as global warming. This phenomenon is primaril...
Environmental Conservation
It involves the sustainable management of natural resources and the preservation of ecosystems to maintain the health of our planet. One of the main...
Environmental Issues and Solutions
Among these, climate change is one of the most pressing issues. It refers to long-term changes in weather patterns, primarily due to human activitie...
Environmental Issues in North America
However, this variety in landscapes also means that North America faces a wide range of environmental challenges. One of the most pressing issu...
Erosion, Weathering, and Soil Formation
These processes break down rocks and minerals, playing a crucial role in creating the soil that supports plant life. Understanding these processes h...
Factors Affecting Climate
It can be influenced by several factors that determine the typical weather conditions over a period. One of the major factors affecting climate is l...
Geo-literacy and Decision Making
It refers to the ability to understand the Earth's systems and how they interact with human societies. This understanding helps individuals make inf...
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. It combines location-based data wit...
Geography of Food and Agriculture
This field examines the interactions between environmental factors, human activity, and the systems that supply our food. Various ...
Geography of Health and Disease
Geography is not just about where places are located; it also examines how physical and human environments influence health outcomes. Factors such a...
Global Connections and Interdependence
This process involves the movement of goods, services, and people across international borders, creating a network of interconnections. It has enabl...
Global Trade and Commerce
It involves the exchange of goods and services across international borders. Through trade, countries can obtain resources and products that are not...
Globalization and Its Impact
It is driven by international trade and investment, aided by information technology. The process has a profound effect on the culture, environment, ...
Human Geography and Culture
It encompasses many areas, including the distribution of populations, economic activities, and the cultural landscapes they create. Understanding hu...
Human Settlement Patterns
These patterns are influenced by various factors such as geography, climate, and the availability of natural resources. Understanding these patterns...
Human-Environment Interaction
This interaction is crucial for understanding how societies develop and sustain themselves. One way humans interact with the environment is through ...
Impact of Geography on History
It has influenced the development of societies, the rise and fall of civilizations, and even the outcome of wars. Understanding the impact of geogra...
Indigenous Peoples and Their Lands
These lands are not merely territories; they hold sacred significance and are central to the identity and traditions of these communities. One ...
Latitude and Longitude
These are imaginary lines that help us pinpoint any location on the Earth's surface. The Earth is divided into two equal halves by an imagina...
Major Cities in the United States
Among these cities, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago stand out due to their size, diversity, and influence. New York City, often referred to...
Major Rivers in the United States
The Mississippi River, often called the "Father of Waters," is one of the most important rivers in the United States. It flows from northern Minneso...
Major Rivers of the World
They are not only vital sources of water but also serve as important transportation routes and fertile grounds for agriculture. Am...
Mapping and Cartography
They help us understand the world by representing it on a flat surface. This process of making maps is known as cartography...
Mapping Skills
They are valuable tools for learning about geography, understanding spatial relationships, and planning journeys. At their core, maps are visual rep...
Maps and Their Uses
A map is a visual representation of an area, showing the relationship between different elements such as land, water, and human-made structures. The...
Migration and Its Causes
This movement has been a constant throughout human history and continues to shape our world today. There are various reasons why people migrate, inc...
Migration Patterns in the United States
Americans have been on the move for centuries, seeking better opportunities, escaping hardships, or simply exploring new environments. Understanding...
National Parks in the United States
These protected areas are managed by the National Park Service, a federal agency tasked with preserving the natural beauty and cultural heritage of t...
Natural Disasters and Their Impact
These events can occur without warning, and their effects can be devastating. Some common types of natural disasters include earthquakes, hurricanes...
Natural Hazards in the United States
These hazards can cause significant damage to communities and the environment. Understanding these hazards helps in preparation and mitigation effor...
Natural Resources and Their Uses
They are essential for our survival and development. Natural resources can be classified into two main types: renewable and non-renewable resources...
Natural Resources of the United States
These resources include minerals, forests, water, and fertile land. Each of these resources is found in different regions of the country and contrib...
Ocean Currents and Marine Life
These currents are like vast rivers in the ocean, moving water across the globe. They are driven by factors such as wind patterns, the rotation of t...
Physical Features of the United States
From towering mountain ranges to expansive plains, the U. S...
Physical Features of the USA
These features include mountain ranges, plains, deserts, and rivers, each contributing to the country's unique geography and climate. One of th...
Physical Geography and Landforms
It includes the study of various landforms, which are natural features of the Earth's surface. Landforms are created by a combination of geological ...
Plate Tectonics and Landforms
These plates are constantly moving, although the movement is typically so slow that it cannot be felt. The movement of these plates shapes the Earth...
Population Density and Distribution
Areas with high population density are often urban, with lots of buildings, roads, and people. In contrast, areas with low population density are us...
Population Distribution in the United States
The way these people are spread out across the country is known as population distribution. This distribution is not even, and several factors contr...
Regions and Their Characteristics
These characteristics can be physical, cultural, political, or economic. Understanding the features that define a region can help us understand how ...
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Understanding the difference between these two kinds of resources is crucial for making informed decisions about how we use them. Renewable r...
Resource Management and Sustainability
Resource management involves the careful and effective use of natural resources such as water, minerals, and forests. Sustainability, on the other h...
Spatial Patterns and Relationships
One of the key concepts in geography is understanding spatial patterns. Spatial patterns refer to the arrangement of various elements on the Earth's...
States and Capitals
Understanding the relationship between states and their capitals is essential for grasping the geographical layout of the country. Each state has a ...
Technological Advancements in Geography
These improvements have provided geographers with tools that enhance their ability to study the Earth's surface and processes. One major advancemen...
The Appalachian Mountains
They stretch from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador all the way down to central Alabama in the United States. This mountain range i...
The Atlantic Coastal Plain
It extends from New York to Florida, covering a vast area along the Atlantic Ocean. This region is characterized by its flat terrain and low elevati...
The Desert Southwest
This area encompasses parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California. The most notable geographic feature of the Desert Southwest is its vast _...
The Earth's Rotation and Revolution
This motion happens in two major ways: rotation and revolution. Understanding these movements is crucial in learning how they affect our daily lives...
The Great Lakes
These lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. They are among the largest freshwater lakes in the world by s...
The Great Plains
This enormous expanse of flatland is known for its unique geographical features, climate, and role in agriculture. Geographically, the Great Plains...
The Gulf Coast
Known for its unique blend of cultures and ecosystems, the Gulf Coast offers a rich tapestry of human and natural history. Th...
The Influence of Geography on U.S. History
History . pagebreak { page-break-before: always; } The Influence of Geography on U...
The Influence of Technology on Geography
From the satellite images that help us see the Earth from space to the GPS systems that guide us on our travels, technology has transformed the way w...
The Midwest
This area includes states like Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michi...
The Mississippi River
It is the second-longest river in North America, stretching about 2,340 miles from its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of...
The New England Region
This region, located in the northeastern corner of the U. S...
The Pacific Northwest
It primarily includes the states of Washington, Oregon, and parts of Idaho. This region is characterized by its lush forests, majestic mountains, an...
The Rocky Mountains
They stretch over 3,000 miles from the northernmost part of British Columbia in Canada to New Mexico in the United States. The Rockies are known for...
The Role of Geography in National Security
It helps in understanding the physical and human features of a region that can affect a country's safety. For instance, the location of a country in...
The Southeastern United States
This area encompasses states like Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The Southeast is characteri...
The Water Cycle's Role in Climate
This cycle plays an essential role in shaping the Earth's climate and maintaining life on our planet. It is driven by the energy from the sun, which...
The Western United States
This vast area comprises several states, including California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Washington. Each state offers unique geographical feature...
Time Zones and Their Importance
Each time zone represents an area of the Earth where the time is the same. These zones are essential for keeping our global schedules synchronized a...
Time Zones in the United States
This expanse means that the sun rises and sets at different times in different parts of the country. To account for these differences, the United St...
Tourism and Geography
Understanding how geography influences tourism can help us appreciate the diversity and beauty of our world. The study of tourism involves looking a...
Transportation Systems
In the United States, various modes of transportation have developed over the years, connecting cities, states, and even countries. Understanding th...
Transportation Systems in the United States
This system is essential for the country's economic success and the daily lives of its citizens. From the vast networks of highways to the extensive...
Urban Planning and Geography
It involves making decisions about the use of land and resources to create sustainable and functional cities. Urban planners must consider numerous ...
Urbanization and Its Effects
This process has been ongoing for centuries, but it has accelerated since the Industrial Revolution. As people from the countryside move to cities i...
Urbanization in the United States
Urbanization refers to the process by which rural areas become urban. This transformation has been driven by various factors, including industrializ...
Water Cycle and Its Importance
It is a continuous cycle that involves various stages such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. This cycle is crucial for ...
Water Resources and Management
It covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, primarily in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers. However, only a small percentage i...
Weather and Climate
While both terms are related to atmospheric conditions, they are distinct in their meanings and implications. Weather refers to the short-term chang...
World Mountain Ranges
These towering landforms can be found on every continent, each with its own unique characteristics. In this passage, we will explore some of the mos...
World Political Maps
These maps show the boundaries of countries, states, and other political divisions. The lines you see on these maps are not physical barriers but ar...
World Regions and Comparisons
A region is an area defined by certain unifying characteristics, which can be physical, human, or a combination of both. Understanding these regions...
Understanding the different agricultural patterns and practices across the globe is essential for recognizing how food production impacts the environ...
Agricultural Regions in the United States
The country is divided into several distinct agricultural regions, each known for its unique climate and soil that supports the growth of specific cr...
Biomes and Ecosystems
There are several types of biomes on Earth, each with unique features. Some of the major biomes include the tundra, desert, forest, grassland, and a...
Climate Zones
Climate zones are regions that share similar climatic characteristics, such as temperature, humidity, and precipitation. These zones are primarily d...
Climate Zones in North America
These zones are largely determined by the continent's vast size and geographical diversity. Understanding these climate zones helps us comprehend ho...
Continents and Oceans
The land on Earth is divided into seven large areas known as continents. These continents are Africa, Antarctica, Asia, Australia, Europe, North Ame...
Cultural and Natural Landscapes
One important aspect of geography is the study of cultural and natural landscapes. A landscape is a part of the earth's surface that can be viewed a...
Cultural Diversity and Geography
From ancient times, the geographical features of a region have influenced the way people live, their traditions, and their interactions with others. ...
Cultural Diversity and Identity
It refers to the variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society. Embracing diversity means acknowledging the differences in languages, religi...
Cultural Exchange and Diffusion
Throughout history, people have migrated, traded, and communicated, leading to the sharing and blending of _cultures_. This process has shaped the w...
Cultural Landscapes
These landscapes showcase the unique relationship between humans and the land, reflecting cultural practices, values, and traditions. When people bu...
Cultural Regions in the United States
Each region has its own unique characteristics that distinguish it from the others. These differences can be seen in language, traditions, cuisine, ...
Earth's Physical Systems
It is composed of several physical systems that interact with one another to shape the world we live in. Understanding these systems is essential fo...
Economic Activities and Regions
These activities are crucial for understanding how societies function and thrive. Economic activities are typically categorized into four main types...
Economic Development and Change
It involves a transition from an economy based predominantly on agriculture to one based on industry and services. This change often leads to an imp...
Economic Development and Geography
This improvement is often marked by an increase in the standard of living and the availability of amenities such as education and healthcare. Geogra...
Economic Regions of the United States
These regions help understand how the country functions economically and how resources are distributed. The major economic regions include the North...
Energy Resources in North America
These resources are classified into two main types: renewable and non-renewable energy sources. Each type plays a significant role in the everyday l...
Environmental Change and Sustainability
One significant aspect of environmental change is the increase in global temperatures, commonly known as global warming. This phenomenon is primaril...
Environmental Conservation
It involves the sustainable management of natural resources and the preservation of ecosystems to maintain the health of our planet. One of the main...
Environmental Issues and Solutions
Among these, climate change is one of the most pressing issues. It refers to long-term changes in weather patterns, primarily due to human activitie...
Environmental Issues in North America
However, this variety in landscapes also means that North America faces a wide range of environmental challenges. One of the most pressing issu...
Erosion, Weathering, and Soil Formation
These processes break down rocks and minerals, playing a crucial role in creating the soil that supports plant life. Understanding these processes h...
Factors Affecting Climate
It can be influenced by several factors that determine the typical weather conditions over a period. One of the major factors affecting climate is l...
Geo-literacy and Decision Making
It refers to the ability to understand the Earth's systems and how they interact with human societies. This understanding helps individuals make inf...
Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
GIS is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present spatial or geographic data. It combines location-based data wit...
Geography of Food and Agriculture
This field examines the interactions between environmental factors, human activity, and the systems that supply our food. Various ...
Geography of Health and Disease
Geography is not just about where places are located; it also examines how physical and human environments influence health outcomes. Factors such a...
Global Connections and Interdependence
This process involves the movement of goods, services, and people across international borders, creating a network of interconnections. It has enabl...
Global Trade and Commerce
It involves the exchange of goods and services across international borders. Through trade, countries can obtain resources and products that are not...
Globalization and Its Impact
It is driven by international trade and investment, aided by information technology. The process has a profound effect on the culture, environment, ...
Human Geography and Culture
It encompasses many areas, including the distribution of populations, economic activities, and the cultural landscapes they create. Understanding hu...
Human Settlement Patterns
These patterns are influenced by various factors such as geography, climate, and the availability of natural resources. Understanding these patterns...
Human-Environment Interaction
This interaction is crucial for understanding how societies develop and sustain themselves. One way humans interact with the environment is through ...
Impact of Geography on History
It has influenced the development of societies, the rise and fall of civilizations, and even the outcome of wars. Understanding the impact of geogra...
Indigenous Peoples and Their Lands
These lands are not merely territories; they hold sacred significance and are central to the identity and traditions of these communities. One ...
Latitude and Longitude
These are imaginary lines that help us pinpoint any location on the Earth's surface. The Earth is divided into two equal halves by an imagina...
Major Cities in the United States
Among these cities, New York City, Los Angeles, and Chicago stand out due to their size, diversity, and influence. New York City, often referred to...
Major Rivers in the United States
The Mississippi River, often called the "Father of Waters," is one of the most important rivers in the United States. It flows from northern Minneso...
Major Rivers of the World
They are not only vital sources of water but also serve as important transportation routes and fertile grounds for agriculture. Am...
Mapping and Cartography
They help us understand the world by representing it on a flat surface. This process of making maps is known as cartography...
Mapping Skills
They are valuable tools for learning about geography, understanding spatial relationships, and planning journeys. At their core, maps are visual rep...
Maps and Their Uses
A map is a visual representation of an area, showing the relationship between different elements such as land, water, and human-made structures. The...
Migration and Its Causes
This movement has been a constant throughout human history and continues to shape our world today. There are various reasons why people migrate, inc...
Migration Patterns in the United States
Americans have been on the move for centuries, seeking better opportunities, escaping hardships, or simply exploring new environments. Understanding...
National Parks in the United States
These protected areas are managed by the National Park Service, a federal agency tasked with preserving the natural beauty and cultural heritage of t...
Natural Disasters and Their Impact
These events can occur without warning, and their effects can be devastating. Some common types of natural disasters include earthquakes, hurricanes...
Natural Hazards in the United States
These hazards can cause significant damage to communities and the environment. Understanding these hazards helps in preparation and mitigation effor...
Natural Resources and Their Uses
They are essential for our survival and development. Natural resources can be classified into two main types: renewable and non-renewable resources...
Natural Resources of the United States
These resources include minerals, forests, water, and fertile land. Each of these resources is found in different regions of the country and contrib...
Ocean Currents and Marine Life
These currents are like vast rivers in the ocean, moving water across the globe. They are driven by factors such as wind patterns, the rotation of t...
Physical Features of the United States
From towering mountain ranges to expansive plains, the U. S...
Physical Features of the USA
These features include mountain ranges, plains, deserts, and rivers, each contributing to the country's unique geography and climate. One of th...
Physical Geography and Landforms
It includes the study of various landforms, which are natural features of the Earth's surface. Landforms are created by a combination of geological ...
Plate Tectonics and Landforms
These plates are constantly moving, although the movement is typically so slow that it cannot be felt. The movement of these plates shapes the Earth...
Population Density and Distribution
Areas with high population density are often urban, with lots of buildings, roads, and people. In contrast, areas with low population density are us...
Population Distribution in the United States
The way these people are spread out across the country is known as population distribution. This distribution is not even, and several factors contr...
Regions and Their Characteristics
These characteristics can be physical, cultural, political, or economic. Understanding the features that define a region can help us understand how ...
Renewable and Nonrenewable Resources
Understanding the difference between these two kinds of resources is crucial for making informed decisions about how we use them. Renewable r...
Resource Management and Sustainability
Resource management involves the careful and effective use of natural resources such as water, minerals, and forests. Sustainability, on the other h...
Spatial Patterns and Relationships
One of the key concepts in geography is understanding spatial patterns. Spatial patterns refer to the arrangement of various elements on the Earth's...
States and Capitals
Understanding the relationship between states and their capitals is essential for grasping the geographical layout of the country. Each state has a ...
Technological Advancements in Geography
These improvements have provided geographers with tools that enhance their ability to study the Earth's surface and processes. One major advancemen...
The Appalachian Mountains
They stretch from the Canadian province of Newfoundland and Labrador all the way down to central Alabama in the United States. This mountain range i...
The Atlantic Coastal Plain
It extends from New York to Florida, covering a vast area along the Atlantic Ocean. This region is characterized by its flat terrain and low elevati...
The Desert Southwest
This area encompasses parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, and California. The most notable geographic feature of the Desert Southwest is its vast _...
The Earth's Rotation and Revolution
This motion happens in two major ways: rotation and revolution. Understanding these movements is crucial in learning how they affect our daily lives...
The Great Lakes
These lakes are Lake Superior, Lake Michigan, Lake Huron, Lake Erie, and Lake Ontario. They are among the largest freshwater lakes in the world by s...
The Great Plains
This enormous expanse of flatland is known for its unique geographical features, climate, and role in agriculture. Geographically, the Great Plains...
The Gulf Coast
Known for its unique blend of cultures and ecosystems, the Gulf Coast offers a rich tapestry of human and natural history. Th...
The Influence of Geography on U.S. History
History . pagebreak { page-break-before: always; } The Influence of Geography on U...
The Influence of Technology on Geography
From the satellite images that help us see the Earth from space to the GPS systems that guide us on our travels, technology has transformed the way w...
The Midwest
This area includes states like Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Iowa, Missouri, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, North Dakota, Minnesota, Wisconsin, and Michi...
The Mississippi River
It is the second-longest river in North America, stretching about 2,340 miles from its source at Lake Itasca in Minnesota to its mouth in the Gulf of...
The New England Region
This region, located in the northeastern corner of the U. S...
The Pacific Northwest
It primarily includes the states of Washington, Oregon, and parts of Idaho. This region is characterized by its lush forests, majestic mountains, an...
The Rocky Mountains
They stretch over 3,000 miles from the northernmost part of British Columbia in Canada to New Mexico in the United States. The Rockies are known for...
The Role of Geography in National Security
It helps in understanding the physical and human features of a region that can affect a country's safety. For instance, the location of a country in...
The Southeastern United States
This area encompasses states like Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee. The Southeast is characteri...
The Water Cycle's Role in Climate
This cycle plays an essential role in shaping the Earth's climate and maintaining life on our planet. It is driven by the energy from the sun, which...
The Western United States
This vast area comprises several states, including California, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Washington. Each state offers unique geographical feature...
Time Zones and Their Importance
Each time zone represents an area of the Earth where the time is the same. These zones are essential for keeping our global schedules synchronized a...
Time Zones in the United States
This expanse means that the sun rises and sets at different times in different parts of the country. To account for these differences, the United St...
Tourism and Geography
Understanding how geography influences tourism can help us appreciate the diversity and beauty of our world. The study of tourism involves looking a...
Transportation Systems
In the United States, various modes of transportation have developed over the years, connecting cities, states, and even countries. Understanding th...
Transportation Systems in the United States
This system is essential for the country's economic success and the daily lives of its citizens. From the vast networks of highways to the extensive...
Urban Planning and Geography
It involves making decisions about the use of land and resources to create sustainable and functional cities. Urban planners must consider numerous ...
Urbanization and Its Effects
This process has been ongoing for centuries, but it has accelerated since the Industrial Revolution. As people from the countryside move to cities i...
Urbanization in the United States
Urbanization refers to the process by which rural areas become urban. This transformation has been driven by various factors, including industrializ...
Water Cycle and Its Importance
It is a continuous cycle that involves various stages such as evaporation, condensation, precipitation, and infiltration. This cycle is crucial for ...
Water Resources and Management
It covers approximately 71% of the Earth's surface, primarily in the form of oceans, rivers, lakes, and glaciers. However, only a small percentage i...
Weather and Climate
While both terms are related to atmospheric conditions, they are distinct in their meanings and implications. Weather refers to the short-term chang...
World Mountain Ranges
These towering landforms can be found on every continent, each with its own unique characteristics. In this passage, we will explore some of the mos...
World Political Maps
These maps show the boundaries of countries, states, and other political divisions. The lines you see on these maps are not physical barriers but ar...
World Regions and Comparisons
A region is an area defined by certain unifying characteristics, which can be physical, human, or a combination of both. Understanding these regions...